2013年大學英語四級常用語法精選(1)
????Ⅰ動詞(時態,語態,用法,省略,一致性等)
????時態
????1)現在完成進行時態 (have/has been + -ing 分詞構成): 動作或狀態從過去某時開始,繼續到現在,可能繼續下去,也可能剛剛結束.
????I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
????I’ve been sitting in the garden.
????2)過去完成進行時(由had been + ing分詞構成): 過去某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作
????I’d been working for some time when he called.
????We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
????3)將來完成進行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作.
????By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
????In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
????4)將來完成時(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構成): 將來某時已發生的事.
????I shall have finished this one before lunch.
????They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
????語態
????可以有兩種被動結構的類型,例如:
????He was said to be jealous of her success.
????It was said that he was jealous of her success.
????能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
????It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
????The ship is supposed to have been sunk.
????擔當be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如:
????Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你應該曉得速度限制)
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?? 雙賓語及賓補結構的被動語態
????雙賓語結構的被動語態: 雙賓語結構變為被動語態時,可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變為主語,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數是把間接賓語變為主語.
????He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.
????Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.
????賓補結構的被動語態:
????She was called Big Sister by everybody.
????Then he was made a squad leader.
????He was considered quite qualified for the job.
????The room was always kept clean and tidy.
????短語動詞
????Vi + adv
????The plane took off two hours late.
????Vi + prep
????They looked round the Cathedral.
????Vi + prep (有被動語態)
????She’s looking after her sister’s children.
????The children were always well looked after.
????Vi + adv + prep
????I began to look forward to their visits.
????Vt + O + adv
????Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.
????The children were brought up by their mother.
????They took him on.
????Vt + adv + O (無被動語態)
????I am trying to give up smoking.
????Vt + O + prep
????We talked Donald into agreement.
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